Quantitative Methods: Quantitative research is the systematic scientific investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. Quantitative research is widely used in both the natural and social sciences, including physics, biology, psychology, sociology, geology, education, and journalism. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and hypotheses pertaining to natural phenomena. The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. [MIGS]
Queer: Originally a synonym for "odd," this term became a derogatory epithet for gay men and lesbians in the twentieth century, especially in the United States, where it emphasized the alleged "unnaturalness" of homosexuality. Although many people still use "queer" as an anti-gay slur, there emerged a movement in the 1980s that sought to reclaim the term and rob it of its negative meaning. In this usage, "queer" is an inclusive umbrella term that designates all those who are sexually dissident, even if they are not strictly homosexual, and all "transgressive" forms of sexuality. Many lesbians and gay men, transsexuals, bisexuals, and even heterosexuals whose sexuality does not fit into the cultural standard of monogamous heterosexual marriage have adopted the "queer" label. Some gay men and lesbians, however, remembering the hurt caused by its pejorative meaning, dislike the term, even in its "reclaimed" usage, and feel that it has the effect of diluting the specificity of the narrower categories. [MIGS]
Quotas: Measure designed to remedy inequality common in decision-making positions or in access to education or employment. The measure sets a certain proportion of places for the relevant group. This is one form of affirmative/positive action. (e.g. some political parties in EU countries apply quotas in their lists of candidates using the so-called "zip system", whereby women and men alternate on the lists. Other candidate lists may contain 40 per cent women, 40 per cent men, with the rest left to "free competition"). [CZSO]
Rape: Rape is the sexual penetration, however slight of any part of the body of the victim with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or any other part of the body. The invasion is committed by force, or by threat of force or coercion, such as that caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power, against such person or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive environment, or committed against a person incapable of giving genuine consent (if affected by natural induced or age related incapacity).When the rape is committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population, when the perpetrator knows that, it is a crime against humanity. [MIGS]
Rape (Date): Sexual intercourse that takes place against a person’s will through the means of violence, coercion or intimidation, either physical or psychological, by an acquaintance, friend or a dating or intimate partner. Thus, date rape is a type of sexual assault, where the victim and the perpetrator are, or have been, in some form of personal social relationship. Date rape victims are almost entirely women. [MIGS]
Rape (Marital): Marital rape is any unwanted sexual acts by a spouse or ex-spouse, committed without consent and/or against a person's will, obtained by force, or threat of force, intimidation, or when a person is unable to consent. These sexual acts include intercourse, anal or oral sex, forced sexual behavior with other individuals, and other sexual activities that are considered by the victim as degrading, humiliating, painful, and unwanted. [MIGS]
Reconciliation of Work and Family Life: The development of a structure and organisation of the work environment so that it makes it possible to combine work and family/household obligations for men and women. In countries worldwide, many techniques are used to harmonize these two basic areas of human life in the workplace, and thereby to reduce stress and increase productivity. [CZSO]
Refined Divorce Rate: Measures the number of divorces in a year for every 1,000 married women over age 15. [Triton]
Reflexivity: A key component of feminist research, reflexivity is the process through which researchers seek to constantly reflect upon, and critically analyze the nature of the research process — choosing methods, conducting research, writing the research project, proposing outcomes and solutions, and research presentation. Feminist researchers also use reflexivity to analyze the gender relations underlying not only the research subject in question, but the way of conducting research in general. Feminist researchers will commonly use self-reflexivity in their own research, but will also partake in collaborative reflexive techniques (such as consciousness-raising) to deepen their analyses via the perspectives of other researchers and also their research participants. [MIGS]
Refugee: A person having a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country. According to the UNHCR In any refugee population, approximately 50 percent of the uprooted people are women and girls. Stripped of the protection of their homes, their government and often their family structure, females are often particularly vulnerable. They face the rigours of long journeys into exile, official harassment or indifference and frequent sexual abuse - even after reaching an apparent place of safety. Internally displaced women often suffer similar experiences. [MIGS]
Replacement Rate: describes the total fertility rate at which newborn girls would have an average of exactly one daughter over their lifetimes. In more familiar terms, women have just enough babies to replace themselves. [Wikigender]
Reproductive Health: Within the framework of WHO's definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life. Reproductive health, therefore, implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. Implicit in this are the right of men and women to be informed of and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of fertility regulation of their choice, and the right of access to appropriate health care services that will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant. [WHO]
Reproductive Labour Tax: The requirement imposed on women to discharge obligations to family maintenance before presenting themselves on the labour market. This obligation, paid in labour time and commitment, functions in the same way as a money tax, because it reduces money wages conventionally paid to women for equivalent work. For example, in developing economies, female agricultural workers are, by tradition, paid a lower wage than males, even in the same or more arduous tasks. Traditional explanations allude to women’s lower reservation wage that is founded on their lower mobility because of family obligations, and reduced scope for extending their job search. The tax does not enable women to demand a higher wage, because, under conditions of labour availability, women are price takers, not price makers in the market. This concept has been used as a shorthand to refer to the inequality in the terms of trade between men’s and women’s labour. It is important because it offers a theoretical structural link between prices and conditions of non-monetised (domestic) and monetised (market) labour. [OECD]
Reproductive Rights: Reproductive rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals freely and responsibly to decide on the number, spacing, and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. [DANIDA]
Reproductive Rights: Reproductive rights embrace certain human rights that are already recognized in national laws, international human rights documents and other consensus documents. These rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. It also includes their right to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence, as expressed in human rights documents. The promotion of the responsible exercise of these rights for all people should be the fundamental basis for government- and community-supported policies and programmes in the area of reproductive health, including family planning. [MIGS]
Reproductive Roles: Refer to the activities needed to ensure the reproduction of society's labour force. This includes child bearing, rearing, and care for family members such as children, elderly and workers. These tasks are done mostly by women. [MIGS]
Reproductive Sector: The part of human activity, both material and social, that is concerned with the process of caring for the present and future labour force, and the human population as a whole, including the domestic provisioning of food, clothing and shelter. Social reproduction is the provisioning of all such needs throughout the economy, whether part of the paid or unpaid components. (Elson refers to this sector as the “care economy” see Elson1997b, p. 9 and a recent treatment of the concept and measurement of “care”, more narrowly focused on food and nutrition, in Engle, Menon and Haddad). Economics treats reproductive labour differently from the maintenance of capital equipment, which is unequivocally accepted as an economic activity. The reproductive sector is generally unpaid and usually excluded from national accounts. Reproductive labour is in large measure performed by women, and takes up an extremely high proportion of the time allocation of women. [OECD]
Reproductive Work: This work involves all the tasks associated with supporting and servicing the current and future workforce – those who undertake or will undertake productive work. It includes child-bearing and nurture, but is not limited to these tasks. It has increasingly been referred to as “social reproduction” to indicate the broader scope of the term than the activities associated with biological reproduction. Socially reproductive activities include childcare, food preparation, care for the sick, socialisation of the young, attention to ritual and cultural activities through which the society’s work ethic is transmitted, and the community sharing and support which is essential to the survival of economic stress. The fact that reproductive work is the essential basis of productive work is the principal argument for the economic importance of reproductive work, even though most of it is unpaid, and therefore unrecorded in national accounts. Women and girls are mainly responsible for this work which is usually unpaid. The intersection of peoples’ productive and reproductive responsibilities with policy priorities, which has repercussions at all levels of an economy and society, is the principal focus of a gender analysis. [MIGS]
Resources: Resources can be economic: such as land or equipment; political: such as representation, leadership and legal structures; social: such as child care, family planning, education; and also time—a critical but often scarce resource. [World Bank]
Resources: Resources are means and goods, including those that are economic (household income) or productive (land, equipment, tools, work, credit); political (capability for leadership, information and organization); and time. [UNEP]
Risky Behavior: Used in a sexual sense, it implies behavior or actions that may be sincere and seemingly innocent but by design send signals that may be misinterpreted by others. [Triton]
Same Remuneration for the Same Work or Work of the Same Value: The same remuneration for work which is ascribed the same value without any discrimination, including any discrimination on grounds of sex, applicable for all aspects of remuneration and payment conditions. [CZSO]
Satī: (also called suttee) was a funeral practice among some Hindu communities in which a widow/recently-widowed woman would either voluntarily or by use of force and coercion immolate herself on her husband’s funeral pyre. This practice is now very rare and outlawed in modern India. The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act of 1987 Part I, Section 2(c) defines it as: “The burning or burying alive of – (i) any widow along with the body of her deceased husband or any other relative or with any article, object or thing associated with the husband or such relative; or (ii) any woman along with the body of any of her relatives, irrespective of whether such burning or burying is claimed to be voluntary on the part of the widow or the women or other-wise.”
The term is derived from the original name of the goddess Sati (also known as Dakshayani), who immolated herself because she was unable to bear her father Daksha's humiliation of her (living) husband Shiva. The term may also be used to refer to the widow herself. The term sati is now sometimes interpreted as "chaste woman." [Wikigender]
Second Shift: Appelbaum & Chambliss (1997:228) argue that the "second-shift" is the unpaid housework that women typically do after they come home from their paid employment. [Del Mar]
Secondary Labor Market: The market in which contingent or part-time workers are employed. [Triton]
Secondary Victimisation: The experience of being a victim of violence (which, under existing law, isn't always classified as criminal) makes that person liable to fall victim again, and repeatedly. Secondary victimisation can occur in various social structures - in bodies active in criminal proceedings (the police, judiciary, public prosecution etc.), in the mass media etc. as well as in a person's immediate surroundings. The victim thus encounters a lack of comprehension and rejection, bullying as an example or result of incompetence, ignorance or an unwillingness or inability on the part of the structures to handle the problem. [CZSO]
Self-harm: refers to the deliberate infliction of physical damage or alteration to oneself without suicidal intent. The term includes harm inflicted on the body by those with eating disorders. It is sometimes associated with mental illness, a history of trauma and abuse including emotional abuse, sexual abuse, eating disorders, or mental traits such as low self-esteem or perfectionism, but a statistical analysis is difficult, as many self-injurers conceal their injuries. [Wikigender]
Serial Monogamy: A process whereby individuals marry more than one person in the course of their lifetime. Each new marriage, however, follows the end of the previous one. [Triton]
Sex: Sex identifies the biological differences between men and women, such as women can give birth, and men provide sperm. Sex roles are universal. [World Bank]
Sex: Sex means the biological differences between women and men, which are universal, obvious and generally permanent. [DRWA, India]
Sex: Sex refers to the biological characteristics, which define humans as female or male. These sets of biological characteristics are not mutually exclusive as there are individuals who possess both, but these characteristics tend to differentiate humans as males and females. [MIGS]
Sex: Genetic and physical or biological identity of a person which indicates whether one is male or female. [NSCB, Philippines]
Sex: Kendall (1998:68) defines sex as the biological difference between men and women. It's the first label we receive in life. [Del Mar]
Sex-based Discrimination (Direct): Situation where a person is treated worse than someone else due to his or her sex. [CZSO]
Sex-based Discrimination (Indirect): Situation where a law, policy or practice which appears neutral has a negative impact on members of one sex and where the difference in this impact can't be explained by objective factors. [CZSO]
Sex-Disaggregated Data: Sex-disaggregated data is the collection and presentation of all statistics separately on women and men. [OSCE]
Sex-Disaggregated Data: Statistical information that differentiates between men and women; for example, ‘number of people in the labour force’. This allows one to see where there are gender gaps. [MIGS]
Sex-Disaggregated Statistics: Sex-disaggregated statistics refer to the collection and separation of data and statistical information by sex to enable comparative analysis; sometime referred to as gender-disaggregated statistics. [DANIDA]
Sex Ratio: A ratio arrived at by dividing the number of males by the number of females. [Triton]
Sexism: Kendall (1998:67) describes sexism as the subordination of one sex, usually female, on the basis of the assumed superiority of the other sex. An example of sexism is the statement "a woman's place is in the home." [Del Mar]
Sexism: Actions or attitudes that discriminate against people based solely on their gender. Sexism is linked to power in that those with power are typically treated with favour and those without power are typically discriminated against. Sexism is also related to stereotypes since the discriminatory actions or attitudes are frequently based on false beliefs or over generalizations about gender and on seeing gender as relevant when it is not. [MIGS]
Sexual Assault: The term is often used interchangeably with the above term sexual assault, yet, definitions differ from study to study. Sexual assault includes, but is not limited to, non-consensual vaginal, anal, or oral penetration (with penis or object); forcing the victim to perform sexual activities (such as oral sex or other activities that the victim perceives as humiliating or degrading); sexual touching, kissing, or any other non-consensual sexual contact; as well as indecent exposure of body parts. [UNECE]
Sexual Assault: Non-consensual sexual contact that is obtained through coercion or the use or threat of force. Sexual assault is a deliberate act of gender-based violence and an expression of power, control and domination over another. It is not a manifestation of uncontrolled desire, attraction or arousal. Sexual assault occurs in every socioeconomic level of society and in a variety of settings. Sexual assault may be perpetrated by non-state actors, such as acquaintances, dating partners, or intimate partners such as current or former husbands and boyfriends. Sexual assault may also be committed by state actors such as the police or military. In particular, women are vulnerable to particular forms of sexual abuse and assault when they are in state custody. Women are also sexually assaulted and abused during and after armed conflict. During conflict, rape is used as a weapon of war. Even when not used as a military strategy, however, rape and sexual assault are commonly perpetrated by military forces, and may even be perpetrated by peacekeepers after the cessation of hostilities. Whether the assault is perpetrated by an agent of the government or a family member, victims of sexual assault often face many obstacles in obtaining needed protection and assistance. [MIGS]
Sexual Division of Labour: The sexual division of labour is a phenomenon found in virtually all human societies. Due to its importance, economists have attempted to model the causes and implications of gender roles across societies. Economic theory suggests that occupational segregation by gender might be due to supply side factors, demand side factors, or a combination of both. For instance, the major supply-side theory consists on the human capital explanation which states that since women generally anticipate shorter and less continuous work lives than men, it will be in their interest to choose occupations which require smaller human capital investments and have lower wage penalties for time spent out of the labor market (The fact that women may face barriers to obtaining education and pre-job training in traditionally male fields is called “societal discrimination” and constitutes an alternative supply effect explanation). On the demand side, the sexual division of labor is supported by discrimination against women within the paid labor force. [MIGS]
Sexual Exploitation: Any abuse of position of vulnerability, differential power, or trust for sexual purposes; this includes profiting momentarily, socially, or politically from the sexual exploitation of another. [MIGS]
Sexual Harassment: Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when:
Submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual's employment, or
Submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as a basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or
Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment. [UN WomenWatch]
Sexual Harassment: Sexual harassment is a form of sexual violence. The term refers to one-sided, unwanted and unwelcome behaviour where sexuality and/or varied cultural constructions of sexuality are used as the means to oppress and position people and to produce or maintain vulnerability among them. Sexual harassment is often divided into two types: quid pro quo harassment and hostile environment harassment. The difference between these two types of harassment is that in quid pro quo harassment sex is provided in exchange for things such as employment or educational benefit – job promotion or good grades, for example – or the avoidance of some detriment. Hostile environment harassment means sexual harassment that creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive environment generally for a whole group of people - such as women, young women, some ethnic group of women or some groups of men, to mention a few. The forms of sexual harassment are usually divided into three different types: (1) verbal: e.g. remarks about figure/looks, sexual and sexist jokes, verbal sexual advances, comments that implicate stereotypic and discriminative attitudes; (2) non-verbal and/or visual: e.g. staring at someone and whistling; and (3) physical: acts from unsolicited physical contact to assaults and rape. [MIGS]
Sexual Harassment: Unwelcomed sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. [Triton]
Sexual Harassment: refers to unwanted sexual comments, touches, looks, or pressure to have sex (Henslin, 1999:301). [Del Mar]
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Behaviour that the relevant employee justifiably perceives to be unwelcome, inappropriate or insulting and whose intention or consequence is injurious to a person's dignity, or which creates an unfriendly, humiliating or stressful workplace, or which may justifiably be perceived as a condition for a decision that affect the performance of rights and obligations under labour-law relations. [CZSO]
Sexual Orientation: Sexual orientation refers to a preference for emotional-sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex (homosexuality), the opposite sex (heterosexuality), or both (bisexuality) (Kendall, 1998:113). [Del Mar]
Sexual Rights: Women’s sexual rights include the right to control their sexuality and the provision of sexual and reproductive health-related services. They include reproductive rights where the number and spacing of children can be chosen in a free, responsible and informed way. Women’s sexuality is not solely associated with issues of responsibility or risks concerning reproduction. Sexual activity is above all an integral part of a woman’s life, of her private life and sexual enjoyment thereof. Women’s sexual rights recognise the right to sexual well being and the freedom of choice concerning partner(s), sexual orientation, sexual preferences and the choice of each woman whether or not to have sexual relations. [MIGS]
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR): can be understood as the right for all, whether young or old, women, men or transgender, straight, gay, lesbian or bisexual, HIV positive or negative, to make choices regarding their own sexuality and reproduction, providing these respect the rights of others to bodily integrity. This definition also includes the right to access information and services needed to support these choices and optimise health. [RFSU]
Sexuality: Refers to how society views sex and how we feel about ourselves as sexual beings. [Triton]
Sexuality: Sexuality is a central aspect of being human throughout life and encompasses sex, gender identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction. Sexuality is experienced and expressed in thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviours, practices, roles and relationships. While sexuality can include all of these dimensions, not all of them are always experienced or expressed. Sexuality is influenced by the interaction of biological, psychological, social, economic, political, cultural, ethical, legal, historical and religious and spiritual factors. [MIGS]
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD): describe illnesses that have a significant probability of transmission by means of sexual contact, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. Increasingly, the term sexually transmitted infection (STI) is used, as it has a broader range of meaning; a person may be infected, and may potentially infect others, without showing signs of disease. Some STIs can also be transmitted via the needles used in intravenal drug use, as well as through childbirth or breastfeeding. Sexually transmitted infections have been well known for hundreds of years. [Wikigender]
Sisterhood/Brotherhood: An association or bond of solidarity between persons. Brothers and sisters are an integral part of a family, although people need not be blood-related siblings to be a part of a brotherhood and a sisterhood. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood [and sisterhood]” (Article 1, UDHR). [HRUSA]
Social Capital: A shorthand term used to describe a combination of social norms (such as trust), relationships (such as reciprocity) and ties (such as hierarchical clientalism or horizontal group bonds) held by an individual or predominant within a social arena. [UNDP]
Social Justice: Fairness and equity as a right for all in the outcomes of development, through processes of social transformation. [MIGS]
Social Justice: The practice of promoting and protecting human rights and responsibilities, with a particular emphasis on the economic and social rights of society’s most vulnerable groups. [HRUSA]
Social Responsibility: The obligation to ensure that one’s actions produce an overall positive impact on society and on the promotion and protection of human rights. [HRUSA]
Special Interventions: Special interventions are defined as efforts aimed at creating fundamental structural changes in institutions, policies, legislation, and allocation of resources to promote gender equality between men and women, based on the specific needs in the individual country, policy area or organisation. [DANIDA]
Stalking: A pattern of behaviours, which are repetitive and unsolicited such as, unwanted attention, communication, or contact (e.g., following and spying on the victim, damaging property, threats, intrusive attempts for communication, etc.). [UNECE]
State Parties: Those countries that have ratified or otherwise accepted a treaty or a convention and are thereby bound to conform to its provisions. [HRUSA]
Stereotypes: Stereotypes are a generalized set of traits and characteristics attributed to a specific ethnic, national, cultural or racial group which gives rise to false expectations that individual members of the group will conform to these traits. [MIGS]
Stereotyping: A process whereby a trait, usually negative, is generalized to all members of a particular group. [Triton]
Strategic Gender Interests: Strategic gender needs are the needs women identify because of their subordinate position to men in their society. These vary according to particular context. They relate to gender division of labour, power & control and may include such issues as legal rights, domestic violence, equal wages etc. meeting strategic needs helps women to achieve greater equality. It also changes existing role and therefore challenges women’s sub-ordinate position. [DRWA, India]
Street Vendor: A street vendor is broadly defined as a person who offers goods or services for sale to the public without having a permanent built up structure but with a temporary static structure or mobile stall (or head-load). Street vendors may be stationary by occupying space on the pavements or other public/private areas, or may be mobile in the sense that they move from place to place carrying their wares on push carts or in cycles or baskets on their heads, or may sell their wares in moving bus etc. In this policy document, the term urban vendor is inclusive of both traders and service providers, stationary as well as mobile vendors and incorporates all other local/region specific terms used to describe them, such as, hawker, pheriwalla, rehri-patri walla, footpath dukandars, sidewalk traders, etc. [MHUPA, India]
System Blame Theories: Theories that blame society and its institutions for social problems such as racism gender inequality, and poverty. [Triton]
Taboos: A classification of mores that refer to forbidden or unthinkable behavior. [Triton]
Trafficking in Persons: It was only in November 2000 that an international definition of trafficking was agreed to, under the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Trafficking Protocol), supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 (also known as the Palermo Convention):
(a) “Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at the minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs;
(b) The consent of a victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article shall be irrelevant where any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) have been used;
(c) The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation shall be considered “trafficking in persons” even if this does not involve any of means set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article;
(d) “Child” shall mean any person under eighteen years of age.
The key features of the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children:
-Defines trafficking as a crime against humanity, marked by the intent to deceive and exploit;
-Expands the range of actions considered part of the trafficking process – recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring and receipt of persons in end-institutions;
-Addresses a wide range of means used, from blatant force to subtle inducements that capitalize on vulnerability, to achieve “consent”;
-Makes “consent” to the intended exploitation irrelevant, where any of the means outlined in the definition are used;
-Acknowledges men are also trafficked, though it emphasizes trafficking in women and children;
-Recognizes a range of purposes of trafficking, in addition to sexual exploitation;
-Contains rights-based and protective social, economic, political and legal measures to prevent trafficking, protect, assist, return and reintegrate trafficked persons, and to penalize trafficking and related conduct; and
-Calls for international cooperation to prevent and combat trafficking. [MIGS]
Transformatory Potential: A gender analysis guided by this approach, applying the analytical framework to development programming, uses the interwoven framework of concepts to assess the transformatory potential of a given set of options -- which ones are most likely to ensure women get equal access to the resources they need to maximise their productive and reproductive contributions to their households and societies. [MIGS]
Transgender: means self-identification as a different gender than that with which an individual has been biologically identified and/or socially labeled. The term overlaps with but differs from transsexual, which refers specifically to persons who identify as the opposite sex, who often take sex hormones and have sex reassignment surgery. Fear or loathing of transgendered persons leading to mistreatment and discrimination is common in many societies and is often termed transphobia. Other societies, however, have or have had traditional roles for transgendered persons. [Wikigender]
Transgender: The term is often used as an umbrella term that embraces all gender variant individuals, including transsexuals (people who seek or have undergone gender reassignment therapy or surgery); people who alter their social gender through non-surgical means; inter-sexed individuals, people whose external genitalia or internal reproductive systems fall outside the norms for either male or female bodies; cross-dressers; and others who do not conform to social norms for typical men and women. One significant aspect of the recent and rapid development of transgender is the role the term has played in giving voice to a wide range of people whose experiences and understandings of gender, embodiment, and sexuality previously had not entered into broader discussions and decision-making processes. The emergence of these new speaking positions has already enriched an ongoing cultural conversation about gender and diversity. [MIGS]
Transsexualism: also termed 'Gender Dysphoria', is a condition in which individuals identify with a physical sex different from the one with which he or she was born. Transsexuality differs from the commonly associated terms "crossdressing" or "Transvestitism", as well as "transgenderism". A medical diagnosis can be made if a person experiences discomfort as a result of a desire to be a member of the opposite sex, or if a person experiences impaired functioning or distress as a result of that gender identification. [Wikigender]
Transsexuality: May be defined as a variant gender identity in which there is an incongruity between a person’s external genitalia and his or her psychological sense of gender. Transsexuals are sometimes defined as individuals who seek to undergo (or have undergone) the transition from their birth sex to that of the opposite sex, usually by means of gender reassignment therapy or surgery. [MIGS]
Transsexuals: People who feel they are one sex, though biologically they are the other. [Triton]
Transvestite: Refers to those who dress in the clothing of the other sex. Those who do so for entertainment are called Drag Queens or Drag Kings. [MIGS]
Transvestitism: The practice of wearing clothing appropriate to the opposite sex. [Triton]
Treaty: A formal agreement between nations, which defines and modifies their mutual duties and obligations (a treaty which may be ratified by more than two States Parties is a multilateral treaty, sometimes known as a convention). When conventions are adopted by the UN General Assembly, they create legally binding international obligations for the Member States that have ratified the treaty. [HRUSA]
Triple Role/ Multiple Burden: These terms refer to the fact that women tend to work longer and more fragmented days than men as they are usually involved in three different gender roles – reproductive, productive and community work. [MIGS]
